Assyria gets its name from the ancient city of Assur, founded c. 2600 BC. Towards the end of 704 BC, Sennacherib retook Babylonia, though Marduk-apla-iddina escaped to Elam again. [267] Due to the opposition of Great Britain,[267] despite many British officials previously having promised support to the Assyrian volunteers in creating an Assyrian state,[269] the Assyrians were left out of the treaties that divided the Ottoman Empire, with only a small mention being made of the need to "protect the Assyro-Chaldeans and other ethnic and religious minorities in the region". Assyria). Shalmaneser's final years became preoccupied by an internal crisis when one of his sons, Ashur-danin-pal, rebelled in an attempt to seize the throne, possibly because the younger son Shamshi-Adad had been designated as heir instead of himself. Their attacks were uncoordinated raids carried out by individual groups, which meant that even though the Assyrians defeated several Aramean groups in battle, their guerrilla tactics and ability to withdraw into difficult terrain quickly prevented the Assyrians from ever achieving a lasting victory. Using common. Kaitag, In, Jakob, Stefan. The Assyrian empire dominated Mesopotamia and all of the Near East for the first half of the first millennium B.C.E., led by a series of highly ambitious and aggressive warrior kings. The king earned a portion of the profit through imposing tolls and the money gained was used to expand Assur and its institutions. [54] In the 18th century BC, Shamshi-Adad's kingdom became surrounded by competing large states, particularly the southern kingdoms of Larsa, Babylon and Eshnunna and the western kingdoms of Yamhad and Qatna. The new city was named Dur-Sharrukin ("Fort Sargon") after himself. The local Assyrians sought refuge in the church, to no avail. [122] Early in Adad-nirari's reign, Adad-nirari and his mother Shammuramat expanded Assyrian control in Syria. They did not always rule the newly conquered territories directly but sometimes allowed "client" rulers to reign over the territories on condition that they give Assyria whatever support requested, Peter Bedford, a religious studies professor at Union College in Schenectady, New York, wrote in a paper published in the book "The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium (opens in new tab)" (Oxford University Press, 2009). [24], During much of the early Assyrian period, Assur was dominated by states and polities from southern Mesopotamia. The terrorist group has also destroyed, looted or heavily damaged many Assyrian sites,including Nimrud. Sources written by the Crusaders describe difficulties in distinguishing Turks from local Christians, suggesting that the two groups had somewhat assimilated with each other despite the then short period of Turkish rule. The Assyrians continued to constitute a significant portion of the population in northern Mesopotamia until suppression and massacres under the Ilkhanate and the Timurid Empire in the 14th century. In the Synchronistic History (a later Assyrian document), Ashur-resh-ishi is cast as a savior of the Assyrian Empire, defeating the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar I in several battles. [197] In large part, tales from the Sasanian period and later times were invented narratives, based on ancient Assyrian history but applied to local and current landscapes. Despite these issues, local Assyrian self-defense groups were able to assert some limited self-governance; for instance, the Assyrian Democratic Party made a deal in 2017 which led to the withdrawal of the YPG from the Khabur valley, with it passing under control of the Khabour Guards and Nattoreh. Also in February 2015, claiming the ancient Mesopotamian artefacts and ruins represented "elements of idolatry from the age of ignorance", ISIL destroyed hundreds of ancient artefacts from Mosul and bulldozed large portions of the ruins of the ancient cities of Nimrud, Dur-Sharrukin, Hatra and Assur. I hope this list of assyrian terms was useful to you in some way or another. [161][158], The fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire after its final war with the Babylonians and Medes had dramatic consequences for the geopolitics of the ancient Near East: Babylonia, now the heart of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, experienced an unprecedented time of prosperity and growth, trade routes were redrawn and the economical organization and political power of the entire region was restructured. 2. [167], After the Achaemenid conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, Assyria was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire, organized into the province[g] Athura (Ar). Ugaritic, derives from the Greek form ( - Sm) of The words down here at the bottom of the list will be in some way associated with assyrian, but perhaps tenuously (if you've currenly got it sorted by relevance, that is). Ukrainian, http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aii/, Learn Assyrian (Syriac-Aramaic) online 2023. Ways of writing the language with the The four categories allocated to the words were 'mild', 'medium', 'strong', and 'strongest'. After the Muslims under his rule were inspired by the decree to direct violence towards the Christians, Ghazan intervened and somewhat reduced the severity of his decree, but some violence continued throughout his reign. Maltese. (Image credit: Lefteris_ via Getty Images). In the face of the Crusades, Muslim attitudes towards Christians grew more hostile. [21][22][23] It was located in a highly strategic location, on a hill overlooking the Tigris river, protected by a river on one side and a canal on another. Hadhramautic, [47] In particular, the nearby centers of Eshnunna and Ekallatum threatened the continued existence of the Assur city-state. [177][180] From around or shortly after the end of the 2nd century BC,[181] the city may have become the capital of its own small semi-autonomous realm,[177] either under the suzerainty of Hatra,[182] or under direct Parthian suzerainty. [278] Since her death, Shello has become an icon among the female warriors of the Peshmerga. [223], Colonialism by western powers in the latter half of the 19th century led to the Assyrian people being caught between powerful colonizers on one hand and local nationalists and religious zealots on the other. In the "border clearings" of 19741978, many northern villages were destroyed, with thousands of families relocated in a forced urbanization campaign. At the start of this time period, Assyria had lost a considerable amount of territory. Colonizations of the Assyrian homeland by the Ottoman, British and various local powers led to several massacres and deportations, particularly around the time of World War I. Kryts, [136] Sargon's battlefield death had theological implications and some of the conquered regions of the empire once again began to assert their right to independence. Note: all links on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links. Research shows that children start swearing by age the age of six - or younger - and we tend to swear about 0.5 to 0.7% of the time, which can amount to dozens of curse words a day, depending . [231] Though the governor had been ordered not to attack the Christians, he suffered no repercussions for doing so and was hailed as a hero by the Muslims of the empire. ISIL commenced a campaign of ethnic cleansing and genocide of Christian minorities. [88] After putting down a Babylonian uprising, Tukulti-Ninurta added to his title the style amu kiat nie ("sun[god] of all people"),[89] a highly unusual style since the Assyrian king was typically regarded to be the representative of a god and not divine himself. [136] Sennacherib defeated Nergal-ushezib a few months later, but Mushezib-Marduk seized Babylon in late 693 BC and continued the struggle. [47] Shortly after achieving independence, he further claimed the dignity of a great king on the level of the Egyptian pharaohs and the Hittite kings. Uyghur, Can also be used to mean bothered ("Can't be arsed") or acting the fool ("Stop arsing about!"). Ahuni's forces broke through across the Khabur and Euphrates several times and it was only after years of war that he at last accepted Ashurnasirpal as his suzerain. In ancient texts, Adad-nirari I claimed that he "sowed salt over" the Mittani capital of Taidu and imposed labor obligations on the city's survivors. [158] In 614 BC, the Medes and Babylonians sacked and destroyed Assur and in 612 BC, they captured and plundered Nineveh, Sinsharishkun dying in the capital's defense. [284] Though the term "Chaldo-Assyrian" met with some initial acknowledgement, it also received much backlash,[285][284] especially in the diaspora. By 600 B.C., the Assyrian kingdom had been completely destroyed. [43], It is clear that an extensive long-distance Assyrian trade network was established relatively quickly,[44] the first notable impression Assyria left in the historical record. Arabic (Chadian), Bashkir, Before the city of Assur gained its independence about 4,000 years ago, it was controlled by a people known as the Sumerians, whose civilization declined because of a mix of political, military and environmental problems. Ulch, as Assyrian Neo-Aramaic. After his death, it collapsed and the kingdoms of Ekallatum, Eshnunna and Babylon all controlled Assur at some point during the period of about 1775 B.C. Arabic (Hassaniya), [126] Through campaigns aimed at outright conquest and not just extraction of seasonal tribute, as well as reforms meant to efficiently organize the army and centralize the realm, Tiglath-Pileser is by some regarded as the first true initiator of Assyria's "imperial" phase. [84] The city only served as the capital during Tukulti-Ninurta's reign, with later kings returning to ruling from Assur. During this time, the territory Assyria controlled reached its greatest geographic size. to 859 B.C. The Assyrians conquered Babylon during the reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243 B.C. The empire, and Assyria as a state, came to an end in the late 7th century BC as a result of the Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire. In c. 1772 BC Ibal-pi-el II of Eshnunna invaded and conquered Ishme-Dagan's kingdom,[53] though he returned to power not long thereafter. to 1328 B.C.) Timur's efforts were so relentless that some among the Muslims doubted that he was Muslim at all since mercy is one of the major Muslim virtues. Bastard Learn more. [143] Through a well-developed network of spies and informants, Esarhaddon uncovered all of these coup attempts and in 670 BC had a large number of high-ranking officials put to death. Aramaic, [168] After the Achaemenid conquest of Babylon, the remaining inhabitants of Assur received the permission of Cyrus the Great to rebuild the city's ancient temple dedicated to Ashur[171] and Cyrus even returned Ashur's cult statue from Babylon. The distinction between the two is clear (now). At the same time as this more lenient approach, pressures on Christians gradually increased due to the Abbasids wishing to spread Islam. The Urartian kings were also autocrats very similar to the Assyrian kings. After the Iranian Revolution, new religious pressures were imposed by the government, which among other things led to Assyrian schools being forced to change to using Iranian names. Many of his campaigns were farther from the Assyrian heartland than those of any previous king. aq]n`y cAo? After wars between Mitanni and the Hittites, Assur broke free under Ashur-uballit I (r.c. 13631328 BC) and transitioned from a city-state to a territorial state governing an increasingly large stretch of land, transforming into the Middle Assyrian Empire. [81] Shalmaneser's most significant wars were those directed towards the west. At first, the Muslim conquerors discouraged conversions to Islam as they depended on the taxes collected from Christians and Jews. This period of renewed decline was not reversed until the middle of the 10th century BC. Krymchak, Additionally, contacts between Christians and Muslims were probably very infrequent under the Rashidun (637661) and succeeding Umayyad Caliphate (661750); many Christians lived in rural communities run administratively by village headmen (dihqans) and country squires (shaharija), positions occupied by other Christians. Assyrian control faded from Egypt only gradually, without the need for revolt. [77] As a result of Shalmaneser's victory in the campaign, the Mitanni capital of Washukanni was sacked[81] and the Mitanni lands were formally annexed into the Assyrian Empire. Orok, Votic, The Elamite king Hallushu-Inshushinak took revenge on Sennacherib by marching on Babylonia while the Assyrians were busy in his lands and captured Ashur-nadin-shumi, who was taken to Elam and probably executed. Arabic (Moroccan), [257], Even after the Simele massacre the Iraqi government continued to impose policies in an effort to curb Assyrian culture. After a few decades of foreign dominion and rule, Assur was restored as an independent city-state, perhaps by the king Puzur-Sin. [11] Archaeological surveys of the Assyrian heartland have consistently shown that there was a dramatic decrease in the size and number of inhabited sites in Assyria during the Neo-Babylonian period, suggesting a significant societal breakdown in the region. By default, the words are sorted by relevance/relatedness, but you can also get the most common assyrian terms by using the menu below, and there's also the option to sort the words alphabetically so you can get assyrian words starting with a particular letter. According to the 6th-century History of Karka, twelve of the noble families of Karka (ancient Arrapha) were descendants of ancient Assyrian nobility who lived in the city during the time of Sargon II. In the east, he in one campaign reached as far into modern-day Iran as Dasht-e Kavir. [77] Adad-nirari was the first Assyrian king to march against the remnants of the Mitanni kingdom[77] and the first Assyrian king to include lengthy narratives of his campaigns in his royal inscriptions. Akkala Smi, Many swear words in Arabic center on genitals, sex, prostitution etc. Assur was also the home of the god Assur, and while that god was of great importance to the ancient Assyrians, he was not the only deity the Assyrians venerated. [83], Tukulti-Ninurta's main goal was Babylonia in the south; he intentionally escalated conflict with the Babylonian king Kashtiliash IV through claiming "traditionally Assyrian" lands along the eastern Tigris river. Xibe, Timeline. [218] Ancient works were copied and translated into Syriac from the 6th to 10th century, with Arabic translations (due to increasing Muslim interest) also becoming more common in the later stages of this timespan. Under Ashurnasirpal II in the 9th century BC, Assyria (now the Neo-Assyrian Empire) once more became the dominant political power of the Near East. Discrimination against Christians was considerably milder than discrimination against Zoroastrians given that the Muslims saw Christianity as a forerunner of their own religion; in most respects the situation of the Christians under the early Muslim rulers differed little from their status under the Sasanians. [240] An uncontroversial unifying term sometimes used in certain contexts is the Arabic designation Mas (meaning Christian). Aur-uballi II of Assyria according to Archival Sources", "The Revolt of 746 B.C and the Coming of Tiglath-pileser III to the Throne", Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Assyrians&oldid=1140722152, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 12:33. came to power at Assur and claimed independence from Mitanni, Stefan Jacob, a researcher at Heidelberg University in Germany, wrote in a paper that was also published in "A Companion to Assyria." Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. The success and survival of his own realm chiefly relied on his personal strength and charisma. Festschrift fr Otto Jastrow zum 60 Geburtstag, Wiesbaden, 489-502. Shughni, Emigrations and conversions continued to happen and many of the remaining Christians banded together for safety; adherents of the Church of the East migrated from southern Mesopotamia and Persia to northern Mesopotamia, where they still remained in substantial numbers. Under the Seljuks, conversions were motivated not only by political and economic reasons but also by fear. Texts written already during his first few regnal years demonstrate that Tiglath-Pileser ruled with more confidence than his immediate predecessors, using titles such as "unrivalled king of the universe, king of the four quarters, king of all princes, lord of lords" and epithets such as "splendid flame which covers the hostile land like a rain storm". If you don't find what you're looking for in the list below, or if there's some sort of bug and it's not displaying assyrian related words, please send me feedback using this page. In 1973, President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr invited the Assyrian political leader Yaku Malek Ismael and Patriarch Shimun XXIII and offered to grant the Assyrians additional rights in return for funding Assyrian military units to attack the Kurds; Ismael and Shimun refused the offer. Koryak, [189] The Sasanians, who geopolitically opposed the Romans and often found themselves at war with them, deliberately cultivated and supported the now schismatic Church of the East. [105] The Arameans continued to be Assyria's most prominent enemies, at times raiding deep into the Assyrian heartland. In 1993, the ADM member of the parliament, Francis Yusef Chabo, was murdered in Dohuk. By 1410, there were only seven bishops in the Church of the East, a number down from the 24 bishops in 1238 and the 68 bishops in 1000. [57] It is clear from surviving records that the geopolitical situation in northern Mesopotamia was highly volatile, with frequent shifts in power. For instance, Christians were not allowed to build new churches (but were allowed to conduct repairs on current ones), they had to wear a distinct turban and belt, they were forbidden to disturb Muslims by ringing church bells and praying, and they were forbidden from riding horses and carrying weapons. Assur's importance as a trading center declined in the 19th century BC, perhaps chiefly because of increasing conflict between states and rulers of the ancient Near East leading to a general decrease in trade. Ancient records say the successors of Adad-nirari I continued to expand Assyria. 10. [113] The second and more substantial phase of early Neo-Assyrian expansion began under Tukulti-Ninurta's son Ashurnasirpal II (r.883859BC), whose conquests made the Neo-Assyrian Empire the dominant political power in the Near East. The Babylonians became fully independent during the reign of the Babylonian king Nabopolassar (reign ca. [3] Depending on the dialect, Arabic loanwords are also reasonably present. He never got his revenge on Marduk-apla-iddina, who died of natural causes before the Assyrian army landed,[139] and the campaign instead significantly escalated the conflict with the anti-Assyrian faction in Babylonia and with the Elamites. Records from, Though less in number than in preceding and succeeding times, a number of royal inscriptions are known from this period of Middle Assyrian decline, particularly from the reign of, How terms such as "Assyrian" were used varied considerably between authors, however. In Syria, including Nimrud, looted or heavily damaged many Assyrian sites, including Nimrud ancient say... The end of 704 BC, Sennacherib retook Babylonia, though Marduk-apla-iddina to. In late 693 BC and continued the struggle used to expand Assur and its institutions Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and are. Motivated not only by political and economic reasons but also by fear of them want spotl! 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