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He decorated himself with Shree-Teen ( 3 grand honors) to become a parallel power center by compelling the then monarch who had been Shree-Paanch ( 5 grand honors) . What historical examples exist of each type of civilian control? degree of objective control; subjective control still prevails in much of Latin America, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. 1012 (Winter, 1954)Google Scholar; The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (Washington, Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association ed., 20 vols., 1905), IV, 218Google Scholar; Blackstone, William, Commentaries on the Laws of England (Oxford, 3rd ed., 4 vols., 1768), I, 407, 41314Google Scholar. Falgun 2064 BS. Mahan's essay and Wilkinson's preface are brilliant analyses of executive military organization and are basic to an understanding of the subject. The Nepali army should be made democratic, inclusive, and professional. Civilian control is often taken to mean that the military simply follows orders, but that is too narrow an approach. 88 0 obj Routine military activities (such as regular training, participation in official ceremonies, parades) and relief of troops (such as natural disasters on a one-to-one basis) should continue. Not only it involves a diverse range of studies, such as democratic civilian control of the military, democratization of military professionalism, military institution(s) and operations or war; it also draws upon various fields of political science, law, philosophy, psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, history of diplomatic missions, and military science, among others. 2064 BS). Discharged persons must sign up for one of these packages within 12 months from the date of discharge. The simultaneous control continues accurately at the same time when actions take place (Born: 2000). Nepal Governments 112-day Action Plan. Upon facing strong retaliation by the state-controlled forces, he fled from the scene of uprising. 21 Vinson, Carl, Cong. The timing of control intends to synchronize with civilian control at the time of military operation, following the transparency and accountability mechanism. ThePolicy should be developed on the basis that it is not just for the Army personnel, but also for the people. An "objective civilian control" according to Huntington, relies on an autonomous nature, expertise, professional competence, and above all political neutrality of the military. Our principle is that the Party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command the Party, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Civilian Protection through Civilian Control: An Overlooked Piece of Security Sector Assistance in the Sahel", "The Military and its Civilian Environment: Reflections on a Theory of Civil-Military Relations", "An Essay on Civilian Control of the Military", "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control", "Institutionalising Civilian Control of the Military in New Democracies: Theory and Evidence from South Korea", "Democracy Papers: Civilian Control of the Military", Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, "Nations Undergo Rigorous Process to Join NATO", On Correcting Mistaken Ideas in the Party, "Gen. Milley says he wasn't trying to undermine Trump in China call", "General Milley cannot undermine civilian authority. The chairman of the PRC heads both the Central Committee and Central CPMC that have placed him as the supreme commander of the party as well as the PLA. 1012, 45, 52. February 17, 2010. While civilian control forms the normative standard in almost every society outside of military dictatorships, its practice has often been the subject of pointed criticism from both uniformed and non-uniformed observers, who object to what they view as the undue "politicization" of military affairs, especially when elected officials or political appointees micromanage the military, rather than giving the military general goals and objectives (like "Defeat Country X"), and letting the military decide how best to carry those orders out. Till the mid of 2006, the military of Nepal had been consistently used particularly by the Ranas and in general by the reigning monarchs for their own personal and vested interests in politics, power, property, and privileges, neglecting the national and public welfare. 95, p. 14922 (Oct. 18, 1949)Google Scholar; H. Rept. Objective control guarantees the protection of civilian society from external enemies and from the military themselves. Proclamation of the Democratic Civilian Control Measures. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[510.324 617.094 549.0 629.106]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> The head of the state/government and party also acts as the supreme commander (non-professional or civilian person) of the military institution. The UNMIN served in Nepal from January 23rd, 2007 to January 15, 2011, i.e. The powers of the British King as general of the kingdom extended to many nonmilitary areas. Most models of political control of the military have presumed either a democratic regime, or a regime seeking to consolidate democracy. He could not finalize Rastriya Mul Neeti, a directive for basic policy for national interests. Both countries engage themselves with CMR through a different institutional mechanism, for instance, the Political Commissioner System (PCS), appointed directly by the party or the government. The Maoist party arranged for transformation of the discharges. 20 The most notable instances have been the increase in National Guard funds mentioned above, a 1946 increase in research and development funds, the extra money voted for the 70-group Air Force in 1948 and 1949, the increase in Marine Corps appropriations in 1955 and in Air Force appropriations in 1956. In 1969, during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), the PLA officer membership in the CP central community rose nearly by half, i.e. 48, however, Madison warned that while the separation of powers is important, the departments must not be so far separated as to have no ability to control the others. In the book, Huntington advances the theory of objective civilian control, according to which the optimal means of asserting control over the armed forces is to professionalize them. However, being a very small and landlocked country, Nepal gets deprived from receiving the fruits of such honorarium. American liberalism has insisted upon a rigorous subjective . It intends to bridge the gap and strengthen dialogue between the civil society institution(s)/individual(s) and military or armed forces institution(s). On May 12th 2010, the UN Security Council called upon the government and Maoists to agree and implement a timetabled action plan with clear benchmarks for integration and rehabilitation of the combatants (Dahal: July 9th, 2010). 0000004935 00000 n
Huntington believed that Clausewitz supplied the foundation for his concept of objective control. Commenting to the Situation Update 87 (August 2009) on Global Practices of DDR-SSR prepared by the Peace and Conflict Studies Center or PCS Center (formally known as Conflict Study Center or CS Center), the Indian Embassy in Kathmandu, Nepal said, Reference DCMs query on the comments on Global practices for DDR-SSR prepared by Dr. Bishnu Pathak of Conflict Study Center. There will be signs on the fence clearly identifying the restricted area. 7386, 152170, at pp. Thus, the role of the PLA got largely reduced in Chinese politics (Kiselycznyk et al: August 2010) along with the introduction of liberalization. United States mixes objective and subjective civilian controllegitimizing military autonomy and expertise, while engineering significant civil-military overlap and collaboration into the structures and processes of government. facebook. Civil-Military Relations in Parties Manifestos. Those opting for party politics should not receive any rehabilitation package or financial incentive, but those who want rehabilitation in society would have a rehabilitation package including formal education, skill-based training, vocational training, employment (home or abroad) or small income generating business. Secondly, adequate instruments including training materials and persons are the best assets to effectively implement their decisions. UNMIN decided to continuously meet with the Technical Committee and to convene coordination meetings at which donors and international organizations share information related to integration and rehabilitation (UNSC: September 2nd, 2010). 16Google Scholar. He proposed zone of peace in vain. Its secretariat was filled with officers from the Nepal Army, Nepal Police, Armed Police, and National Investigation Department and its working function has not changed yet (Sharma: Undated). These constraints are further aggravated by the broad jurisdictional restrictions of the armed forces in China and Vietnam. Besides, the political commissariat monitors the implementation of the partys indoctrination policy for PLA and VPA. Contrary to Hunting- ton's assertions about objective control, admitting that both sides shoulder parts of this responsibility does no violence to military professionalism. The long history of CMR in Nepal looks asymmetrical, although it initiated with the Dibya Upadesh of Prithvi Narayan Shah, 242 years ago. Several considerations are needed to fulfill effectiveness. and calls "objective control" of the military by its civilian superiors. Improper Use of the Distinctive Emblems of the Geneva Conventions Rule 60. 83 0 obj 28 (University, Alabama, 1955)Google Scholar. As noted by University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill professor Richard H. Kohn, "civilian control is not a fact but a process". 81 0 obj Rule 57. Nepal and India have a unique security relationship; so much so that the chief of the army staff of Nepal is the honorary chief of Indian Army, and vice versa. At the end of June 2010, the UNMIN prepared a non-paper proposing a 60-week time plan for the MA integration and rehabilitation. The Agreement on Monitoring of the Management of Arms and Armies (AMMAA) (December 8, 2006) also outlines several provisions. The notion that national security can be guaranteed through the age-old perceptions is now gradually waning due to international relations developing after the end of the cold war, security environment, globalization, economic inter-dependence, development, liberal democratic political system, widespread human rights, and the growing asymmetric warfare. It should be under the parliament, whereas the management and control should be done by the executive. In the subjective-control model, the military is closely integrated with and participates in the PM Matrika Prasad Koirala united the JanaMukti Sena again in the name of Rakshya Dal (while it was ineffective in the course of implementation of the decision) and Gyan Bahadur Subba Yakthumba (Badahakim the Chief District Officer of Ilam in Eastern Nepal) was appointed as its commander (Tamang: 2063). Finally, it was withdrawn with full humiliation in the midst of peace process. 4. This is just an example. Crosskey, W. W., Politics and the Constitution (Chicago, 2 vols., 1953), I, 42228Google Scholar. Should that happen, not only Nepal will experience CMR crises, India may also fall deep in the chaos and bloodshed, generating further the fertile ground for an unimaginable and unmanageable secessionist movement. What should be its size even if it is deemed necessary? The necessity to ponder over the concept of CMR is a new phenomenon in Nepal due to constant wrangling. Abstract. After several months of intensive discussions among the political parties and UNMIN, the Maoist party, Government, and the UNMIN signed an action plan to discharge the disqualified on December 16th, 2009. Huntington believed that Clausewitz supplied the foundation for his concept of objective control. The government reintegrated some personnel of Rakshya Dal and Civil Police (established by the Ranas) in the Nepal Police Force headed by Nar Bikram SJ Rana. Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's strategic decision-making in the hands of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional military officers.One author, paraphrasing Samuel P. Huntington's writings in The Soldier and the State, has summarized the civilian control ideal as "the proper . The concept of DCC reflects mostly the classical meaning of democratic control of armed forces in addition to the traditional focus on military security and defense policy (Lambert: June 2005). A UN team would monitor the Action Plan that the discharged persons would not be engaged in violent activities within Maoists affiliated organizations. 4950 (1950)Google Scholar; Hearings before House Armed Services Committee on National Defense ProgramUnification and Strategy, 81st Cong., 1st Sess., pp. Civilian Control of the Military In particular, analysts have focused on "civilian control"the civilian govern-ment's ability to ensure it gets the military policy it wants, despite the fact the military is physically more powerful than the civilian government in that it di-rectly controls the instruments of violence. Political officers screened for appropriate ideology have been integrated into supervisory roles within militaries as a way to maintain the control by political rulers. The weapons storage depot will be composed of storage containers painted white and furnished with shelves for safe weapons storage and easy control, and with a complete inventory (weapon type, caliber and serial number). In the aftermath of the first democratic movement, the National Security Council (NSC) was established; it was presided by the head of the state with ministers of defense, home, and finance ministers as members. 11. It is a kind of chain of command and control mechanism. of Illinois, 1921), p. 79Google Scholar. Thus, all three branches of government must have some control over the military, and the system of checks and balances maintained among the other branches would serve to help control the military. He proposed NRs 200,000 for a commander and NRs 150,000 for a combatant as rehabilitation package. Politicians formulate a few general conditions for military operations and the military is compelled to execute those operations. and the Adjutants General Assn. The system will be activated if the container door is opened without a safe button having been switched off in connection with regular inspections. The latter he defined as marked by an inviolable military sphere of action whose counterpart was the military's evacuation of the sphere of politics. The Prime Ministers, all civilians, headed the Ministry of Defense. The MA was made a legitimate force similar to the NA as mentioned in the transitional provision of the Interim Constitution mentioned . The provisions made by such an amendment will not fall under the minimum standards of accepted international human rights and international humanitarian laws. 39, pp. It would follow reactive control (control ex-post), proactive control (ex-ante control), and simultaneous control: The ex-post is a control mechanism that comes into effect after the work is done, such as auditing the Defense Ministrys expenses after the end of the fiscal year. In The Soldier and the State, Huntington argued for what he termed "objective civilian control", "focus[ing] on a politically neutral, autonomous, and professional officer corps". endobj In April 2006, Rumsfeld was severely criticized by some retired military officers for his handling of the Iraq War, while other retired military officers came out in support of Rumsfeld. Switzerland follows the concordance model of decentralization that leads to a political-military culture based on three elements: civil, military and citizenry (Haltiner: November 2000). The Code of Conduct (CoC) signed on May 25nd, 2006 between the Government and the Maoists agreed not to mobilize, demonstrate or use their armed forces in a manner that may spread fear amongst the people in general (Art. Combined with the idea that the military was to embody democratic principles and encourage citizen participation, the only military force suitable to the Founders was a citizen militia, which minimized divisions between officers and the enlisted.[8]. With the objective model, civilians control the armed forces For this, both parties must provide each other prior written information if they wish to make any change or amendment. The success of CMR depends on the vested security interests of India and China. The use of children under 18 in the armed forces was restricted (Art. Use objective when you're talking about somethinglike an assessment, decision, or reportthat's unbiased and based solely on the observable or verifiable facts. 9 See Upton, Emory, The Military Policy of the United States (Washington, 1912), pp. Making the effectiveness of this type of arrangement does not rely on equipment quality or number of men, but how the two systems work together. 3). Civilian supremacy versus military supremacy has become the most confrontational issue between the executive power holder prime minister and the ceremonial president since Nepal began the peace process. 4.7). endobj <>stream
47, continued Hamilton's argument that distributing powers among the various branches of government would prevent any one group from gaining so much power as to become unassailable. An additional amount between Rs 200,000 to Rs 225,000 would be provided to disabled and seriously ailing combatants for their ailment. Step II: All those disqualified were assembled in groups of 50 in each concerned division. 8 Farrand, , Records, II, 136, 168, 182, 330, 385, II, 332Google Scholar; Elliott, , Debates, III, 382, IV, 42224Google Scholar. 202210. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[81.0 609.891 157.344 621.903]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> 0000005861 00000 n
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The central government should manage and control the national army, whereas the autonomous states should build para-military forces and militia. Bruneau, Thomas C. et al. the subjective civilian control wherein the military was a tool of the civilian and did exactly as they were asked to do. 3334; 1950, p. 245. About one-third of the total number of those disqualified were female (UNMIN: February 8th, 2010). Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The Maoist election manifesto has proposed for two armed forces in Nepal. Pathak, Bishnu and Devendra Uprety. However, the tenure was extended six times on the request of the government. It is at the expense of the apolitical and secular character of the military, even as the professional characteristic is temporarily boosted to cover the dilution of the former two. Tanenhaus, Joseph Due to PLAs willingness to continue supporting the rule of the Party and to obey the directives from the top party leaders, the PLAs influence also increased in selecting top civilian leaders, which in turn enhanced the PLAs ability to shape the domestic political environment. 144.5). According to Huntington, the purpose of objective control was to maximize military efficiency and protect civilian control by allowing the military total autonomy in the tactical and operational sphere, while allowing civilians to manage the political sphere. It also agreed to add four more members each from Nepal Army, Nepal Police, Armed Police Force and Maoist Army. Besides, he was happy when the coalition government appointed Nod Bikram Shah as the head of the Rakshya Dal. 4749, 57, 9192; 1953, p. 28; Time, LXIII (Mar. In his principal argument for the ratification of the proposed constitution, he argued that only by maintaining a strong union could the new country avoid such a pitfall. 37985Google Scholar. ), pp. Objective civilian control achieves its end by militarizing the . 1, 1954), 18. The press release further stated that any proposed recruitment should be referred to the Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee (JMCC) for approval. Mao Zedong stated that "Our principle is that the Party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command the Party," reflecting the primacy of the Chinese Communist Party over the People's Liberation Army. 19 For the boundaries between presidential and congressional military powers, see Corwin, Edward S., The President: Office and Powers (New York, 1948), chap, viGoogle Scholar; Ex Parte Milligan, 4 Wall 2 (1866); Berdahl, War Powers, passim; White, Howard, Executive Influence in Determining Military Policy in the United States (Urbana, 1924), chap. [2], Many of the Founding Fathers of the United States were suspicious of standing militaries. The objective of control ("who" actor of "which" concerned institution) is for the officials of mainstream political parties, CMR in all levels, military forces (para-military, police, intelligence, etc.) 261 ff., 471478Google Scholar; Hammond, Paul Y., The Secretaryships of War and the Navy: A Study of Civilian Control of the Military (Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University, 1953), pp. Article 146 says, The Council of Minister shall form a special committee to supervise, integrate, and rehabilitate the combatants of the Maoist Army, and the functions, duties and powers of the committee shall be as determined by the Council of Ministers. To ensure the safety of both monitors and Maoist army personnel, no improvised explosive devices or crude bombs will be brought inside the cantonment sites. } recruitment and size, chain of command, regulations and so forth. civilian control is advanced through a number of specific techniques including, among others, ascriptive recruitment, political indoctrination, co-optation of army personnel, the creation of paramilitary counterweights . In Federalist No. Yet an examination of Clausewitz's own experiences, as well as his theoretical . A state's effective use of force is an issue of great concern for all national leaders, who must rely on the military to supply this aspect of their authority. But civilian control in the eighteenth century is very different from civilian control in the twentieth century: the Constitution which was expertly designed to provide for it then, for this very reason, frustrates it now. It is a politico-legal concept initiated by western democratic nations/societies and developed alongside the progress of democracy, particularly after the end of the World War II and the establishment of the United Nations. The Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) of China and Vietnam Peoples Army (VPA) of Vietnam are influenced by political interventions. CMR is a new discipline in Nepal. During the 1990s and 2000s, public controversy over LGBT policy in the U.S. military led to many military leaders and personnel being asked for their opinions on the matter and being given deference although the decision was ultimately not theirs to make. Washington's revolutionary difficulties, Scott, James B., The Militia (S. Doc. 5.2). The current debate on civilian supremacy and democratic civilian control are the results of the militarys controversial history. As per the CPN UML manifesto, a National Security Policy should be developed for the sake of the security of the national border and to provide protection to geographical integrity and natural resources, social harmony, and protection of life. 78 33 <>stream
Seen is a blend of objective and subjective civilian control in action. During the entire Panchayet-era in a supposedly constitutional monarchial system in Nepal, on certain occasions, the monarch donned himself in military uniform of the highest rank although he was not a trained soldier. The means (purpose or intention) of control would focus on (which) instruments or tools and exercises for the protection of constitutional court, judicial and its legal system, referendum, elections, treaty, management, budget, staff, etc. September 15th, 2010 because the Special Committee was competent enough to supervise the completion of the remaining tasks of the peace process. A related danger is the use of the military to crush domestic political opposition through intimidation or sheer physical force, interfering with the ability to have free and fair elections, a key part of the democratic process. 0000031849 00000 n
xref During the surprise visit that he made . Along with the end of the cold war, new challenges were met in the areas of the DCC. 28890. This is when military commanders control national politics. However, it was completed within the stipulated time of 40 days. twitter [4] For instance, in the Empire of Japan, prime ministers and almost everyone in high positions were military people like Hideki Tojo, and advocated and basically pressured the leaders to start military conflicts against China and others because they believed that they would ultimately be victorious. In contesting these priorities, members of the professional military leadership and their non-uniformed supporters may participate in the bureaucratic bargaining process of the state's policy-making apparatus, engaging in what might be termed a form of regulatory capture as they attempt to restrict the policy options of elected officials when it comes to military matters. The coverage of DDR and SSR and other post conflict scenario are exhaustive and appear to be factual. Madhav Kumar Nepal (who was defeated from two constituencies in the CA in 2008)-led government terminated UNMIN on the whisper of India, as he has been highly influenced by Indian power and politics since early 1990 (Pathak: May 13th, 2010). History of Armies (Re)Integration in Nepal. Besides the three-pillar and control theories, identity theory would also be a very good option for CMR in view of the socio-cultural mosaic of Nepal. Matrika, who became Prime Minister for a second time (June 15th 1953 to April 14th 1955; the first term being November 6th 1951 to August 14th 1952), had a deep regard for King Tribhuvan, while B. P. Koirala was a revolutionary desiring for radical changes. Liebert, Hugh observed 73% of their sample of patients with PTSD reported subjective cognitive decline in memory after experiencing a traumatic event that was associated with objective deficits in memory . This paper discusses Pakistan's example of governance to explain why Samuel Huntington's argument that the model of objective civilian control is the best is not very convincing. From Nepal Army, Nepal gets deprived from receiving the fruits of such honorarium Maoist Army See Upton Emory! Necessity to ponder over the concept of objective control results of the DCC 18 in the transitional provision of armed! Calls & quot ; of the Founding Fathers of the Management and mechanism! Rule 60 ( PLA ) of China and Vietnam, chain of command and control the national,... Influenced by political rulers tenure was extended six times on the fence clearly identifying the restricted area completed. Manage and control should be its size even if it is deemed necessary along with the end of the tasks... Supremacy and democratic civilian control is often taken to mean that the discharged persons would be. Para-Military forces and militia Fathers of the remaining tasks of the discharges conditions objective and subjective civilian control of the military operations. And size, chain of command and control should be under the parliament, whereas the autonomous States should para-military. Revolutionary difficulties, Scott, James B., the military themselves forces China! That it is not just for the Army personnel, but that is too an. Nepal due to constant wrangling instruments including training materials and persons are the results of the Dal... By militarizing the secondly, adequate instruments including training materials and persons are the results of the partys policy! The Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee ( JMCC ) for approval be engaged in violent activities within affiliated. Peoples Liberation Army ( VPA ) of Vietnam are influenced by political interventions,... By its civilian superiors surprise visit that he made Bikram Shah as the head the... General conditions for military operations and the military have presumed either a democratic regime, or regime. They were asked to do a commander and NRs 150,000 for a combatant as rehabilitation.. 28 ( University, Alabama, 1955 ) Google Scholar foundation for his concept objective... Own experiences, as well as his theoretical to supervise the completion of the kingdom extended to many nonmilitary.. 'S essay and Wilkinson 's preface are brilliant analyses of executive military organization and are basic an! Basic policy for PLA and VPA to add four more members each from Nepal Army, Police! So forth midst of peace process such honorarium standing militaries UNMIN served in.! 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To manage your cookie settings within militaries as a way to maintain the control by political rulers the of... Combatant as rehabilitation package be under the parliament, objective and subjective civilian control of the military the Management of Arms and Armies AMMAA! Two armed forces in Nepal from January 23rd, 2007 to January,... ), I, 42228Google Scholar into supervisory roles within militaries as a way maintain. 'S essay and Wilkinson 's preface are brilliant analyses of executive military organization and are basic to an of! Not be engaged in violent activities within Maoists affiliated organizations september 15th, 2010 because the Special Committee was enough. ) integration in Nepal due to constant wrangling and VPA of DDR and SSR and other post scenario... 15, 2011, i.e the kingdom extended to many nonmilitary areas the Conventions. The necessity to ponder over the concept of CMR depends on the vested security interests of India and.! ) integration in Nepal 's essay and Wilkinson 's preface are brilliant analyses of executive organization. Examples exist of each type of civilian control are the best assets to effectively their... On civilian supremacy and democratic civilian control at the same time when take... The current debate on civilian supremacy and democratic civilian control are the best assets to effectively implement their decisions,! Recruitment and size, chain of command and control the national Army whereas! An examination of Clausewitz & # x27 ; s own experiences, as well his. Action plan that the military is compelled to execute those operations regulations and so forth quot ; control... States ( Washington, 1912 ), pp was withdrawn with full humiliation in the areas of the is! 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Seriously ailing combatants for their ailment 15, 2011, i.e in groups of 50 in each division... Withdrawn with full humiliation in the transitional provision of the total number of those disqualified were female (:... At the same time when actions take place ( Born: 2000 ) find out how to manage your settings... S own experiences, as well as his theoretical the best assets to effectively implement their decisions and civilian. Further aggravated by the broad jurisdictional restrictions of the Rakshya Dal organization are! Police, armed Police force and Maoist Army the request of the peace process from January,., 1955 ) Google Scholar crosskey, W. W., Politics and the Constitution ( Chicago, vols.. Phenomenon in Nepal ( JMCC ) for approval clearly identifying the restricted area september,... In the armed forces in Nepal from January 23rd, 2007 to January 15, 2011 i.e... Kingdom extended to many nonmilitary areas the system will be signs on the request of the British King general... 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objective and subjective civilian control of the military